Excel formula explainer that shows its work.

You paste

=IF(AND(B2>=90, C2>=0.9), "A", IF(AND(B2>=80, C2>=0.8), "B", IF(B2>=70, "C", "F")))

Explanation

Assigns a grade from the exam score in B2 and the attendance rate in C2. A needs a score of at least 90 and attendance of at least 90 %. B needs at least 80 and 80 %. C only needs a score of 70 or more. Everything else is F. The tests run in order, so a student with 95 points but 85 % attendance misses A and lands on B.

Nested IFs read top to bottom. The breakdown puts each IF on its own line, so the fall-through order is visible.

You paste

=INDEX($B$2:$M$20, MATCH($P2, $A$2:$A$20, 0), MATCH(Q$1, $B$1:$M$1, 0))

Explanation

A two-way lookup. The first MATCH finds the row where column A equals the product in P2. The second finds the column where the month headers in B1:M1 equal the month in Q1. INDEX returns the value where that row and column cross. The dollar signs let you fill it right and down to build a whole table.

The 0 in each MATCH means exact match. Leave it out and MATCH assumes a sorted list.

You paste

=LET(open, FILTER(A2:D200, (D2:D200="Open")*(C2:C200>1000)), SORT(open, 3, -1))

Explanation

LET names an intermediate result "open". FILTER keeps the rows of A2:D200 where status in D is Open and the amount in C is over 1,000. Multiplying the two tests means both must be true. SORT then orders those rows by their third column, largest first, and the result spills below the cell.

If no row matches, FILTER returns #CALC!. Add a third FILTER argument such as "None" to show text instead. Needs Microsoft 365.

You paste

=SUMPRODUCT(B2:B6, C2:C6) / SUM(C2:C6)

Explanation

A weighted average. SUMPRODUCT multiplies each score in B by its weight in C and adds the results. Dividing by the sum of the weights turns that total back into an average, so a module weighted 40 counts four times as much as one weighted 10.

The weights do not need to add up to 100. The division by SUM takes care of it.